Presentation Date: Feb 14, 2026
AGSA Abstract
The development of a precision-based smart monitoring and protection system for low-voltage distribution transformers addresses critical challenges associated with transformer failures, particularly in regions with aging infrastructure and limited technological adoption, such as Nigeria. The system is designed to enhance transformer reliability, minimize downtime, and enable proactive maintenance through real-time monitoring, intelligent fault detection, and rapid response mechanisms. The proposed solution integrates advanced sensor technologies, including ACS712 current sensors, ZMPT101B voltage sensors, LM35 temperature sensors, and HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors for oil-level monitoring. These sensors continuously monitor critical transformer parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and oil level. Data acquisition and processing are handled by a TTGO T-Call ESP32 microcontroller integrated with a SIM800L GSM module. The system incorporates essential protection features, such as differential protection, overcurrent detection, and short-circuit isolation, ensuring rapid fault detection and automated protective responses. To enhance situational awareness, the system employs a hybrid communication architecture consisting of GSM-based SMS alerts and an IoT-based online dashboard. Real-time monitoring and data visualization are achieved through cloud platforms such as Adafruit IO, enabling engineers to access live transformer health metrics and historical data for predictive maintenance and performance analysis. Extensive testing under simulated fault conditions confirmed the system’s capability to detect overloads, short circuits, and excessive thermal stress within milliseconds. Sensor calibration results demonstrated high accuracy with minimal measurement errors, while communication via both GSM and IoT platforms proved reliable and consistent. This project presents a scalable, cost-effective, and modular solution for intelligent transformer monitoring and protection. Its design is adaptable to varying operational conditions and provides a practical approach to improving transformer lifespan, enhancing grid reliability, and reducing maintenance costs in developing and developed regions alike.
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